Personal injury claims - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1168 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Report Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? Part 1: BACKGROUND FACTS: In July 2008, Janice Long [JL] instigated personal injury [PI] proceedings against her employer, Business Solutions PLC [BSP], for a back injury which she sustained at its premises in December 2006. JL is claiming for  £30,000 in compensation. JL has followed the Pre-Action Protocol for Personal Injury Claims. BSP submitted its defence in August 2008, and made JL a Part 36 settlement offer of  £10,000 on 15th August 2008. JL has refused this offer and has failed to make a counter-offer. JL has indicated that she wants matters to proceed to Court, and is unprepared to engage further in pre-trial settlement negotiations. THE PROBLEM: How likely is it that the Court will make a costs order in favour of JL, if she is awarded more than  £10,000? How would this position change if the amount awarded is only slightly greater than  £10,000? How would this position change if the amount awarded is  £10,000, i.e. the same value as the Part 36 offer made by BSP? LEGAL ISSUES: What costs protection, if any, does a Part 36 offer provide to a defendant where the final award granted by the Court exceeds the equivalent value of that settlement offer? What costs protection, if any, does a Part 36 offer provide to a defendant where the final award granted by the Court exceeds the equivalent value of that settlement offer, but only by a small amount? What costs protection, if any, does a Part 36 offer provide to a defendant where the final award granted by the Court is equivalent to the value of that settlement offer? LAW AND APPLICATION: In regard to JL being granted a costs award if the judgement significantly exceeds BSPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Part 36 offer: Rule 36.14 CPR provides that where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"judgment against the defendant is at least as advantageous to the claimant as the proposals contained in a claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Part 36 offerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [36.14(1)(b) CPR], then, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the court will, unless it considers it unjust to do so, order that the claimant is entitled to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"(a) interest on the whole or part of any sum of money (excluding interest) awarded at a rate not exceeding 10% above base rate for some or all of the period starting with the date on which the relevant period expired;(b) his costs on the indemnity basis from the date on which the relevant period expired; and(c) interest on those costs at a rate not exceeding 10% above base rate.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [36.14(3) CPR]. In light of the fact that JL was totally unwilling to renegotiate settlement, even though B SP invited her to make a counter-offer over  £10,000, it is possible that the Court would not grant a costs award, deeming it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unjust to do soà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in accordance with 36.14(3), supra. In regard to JL being granted a costs award if the judgement exceeds BSPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Part 36 offer, but only by a small amount: In the recent case of Lisa Carver v BAA Plc [2008] EWCA Civ 412 it was held that, in assessing whether or not a judgement is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"more advantageousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ than a Part 36 offer, a Court is obliged to take into account all of the facts and circumstances surrounding the case. This means that the assessment will not be made on monetary value alone. For example, in this case, Ward LJ held that the difference (between the judgement and the Part 36 offer) of  £51.00 was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"was more than offset by the irrecoverable costs incurred by the claimant in continuing to contest the case for as long as she didà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In regard to JL being granted a costs award if the judgement is equal to BSPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Part 36 offer, rule 36.14(a) and 36.14(2) CPR is likely to operate to allow the defendant to recover his costs from JL: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"[Where] a claimant fails to obtain a judgment more advantageous than a defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Part 36 offer the court will, unless it considers it unjust to do so, order that the defendant is entitled to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"(a) his costs from the date on which the relevant period expired; and(b) interest on those costs.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ CONCLUSIONS If the Court makes a judgement significantly greater than  £10,000, while JL would ordinarily be entitled to be granted a costs award, it is possible that no award would be granted, because of her unwillingness to engage in pre-trial negotiation. If the Court makes a judgement only slightly greater than  £10,000, the chances of JL being granted a costs award are even slimmer; not only might the court deem it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unjustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to grant such an award, but it may also consider the award to be of no greater value than the Part 36 offer, taking into account all the facts of the case, in accordance with the case of Lisa Carver v BAA Plc [2008] EWCA Civ 412. If the Court makes a judgement of less than  £10,000, then JL will not be granted a costs order. In fact, it is highly likely that a costs order will be granted against her, in favour of BSP. SEARCH PLAN (a) Problem: Employee [JL] making a claim for PI against her employer [BSP]. She wants to ensure she is protected against costs. (b) Facts: JL rejected BSPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Part 36 Offer. JL refuses to renegotiate despite being invited to make a counter-offer by BSP. (c) Issues: Whether JLà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conduct will prejudice her right to claim costs if (a) judgement is significantly greater than BSPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Part 36 offer; or, (b) judgement is only slightly greater than BSPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Part 36 offer. (d)(i) Keyword: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Part 36 Offerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Æ’Â   Source: Halsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Law Æ’Â   Findings: The Civil Procedure Rules 1998, Statutory Instrument 1998 No. 3132 L.17. (ii) Keywords: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Cost implications of Part 36 Offerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Refusal of Part 36 Offerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Æ’Â   Source: West Law Æ’Â   Findings: Lisa Carver v BAA Plc [2008] EWCA Civ 412. Part 2: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personal injury claims" essay for you Create order BACKGROUND FACTS: Govinder Singh [GS] is taking legal action against his former business partner, Grant Hadley [GH]. GS is being represented on a pro bono basis by a firm of solicitors. THE PROBLEM: If GS is successful in his claim against GH, is it possible that a costs award would be granted in his favour against GH to remunerate the solicitors who were acting for GS? LEGAL ISSUES: Is a solicitor action on behalf of his client on a pro bono basis entitled to recover his costs if his client wins the case? LAW AND APPLICATION: Part 8 of the Legal Services Act 2007 Miscellaneous Provisions about Lawyers -contains clause 194, which allows for a costs order to be granted against any party by the Court, in cases where a solicitor was representing his client on a pro bono basis, those costs being given to a charity of the solicitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s choosing. CONCLUSIONS Costs cannot be recovered by GSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s solicitor, regardless of the outcome of the case. SEARCH PLAN (a) Problem: Solicitor working for GS, free of charge, in a defamation claim against GH. (b) Facts: Solicitor has asked to be advised on whether or not a costs award will be granted in favour of GS if he wins his case. (c) Issues: Can a pro bono solicitor ever recover his costs from a successful litigation? (d)(i) Keyword: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Pro Bonoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Æ’Â   Source: Halsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Law Æ’Â   Findings: The Legal Services Act 2007, s194.

Dry A Memoir Essay - 1539 Words

After finishing this memoir, there is no denying that the main character, Augusten Burroughs, has a problem. From a very young age his alcoholic tendencies (coupled with other drug use) have caused hardships for both himself and those around him. As he aged, so his alcoholism increased. In Dry: A memoir we get to see Augusten’s challenging journey from a life revolving around alcohol to sobriety. As previously mentioned, it is undeniable that Augusten did have a problem. But, does this automatically mean he is clinically diagnosable with an alcohol related disorder? Unfortunately, in this case, the answer is yes. Augusten Burroughs is not only diagnosable for clinical substance dependence, but could be considered the poster child of the†¦show more content†¦At the age of 18, he drinks five drinks a night to get drunk. By the time he is 20 this had moved up to 10 drinks a night to get drunk, with the occasion (self-labeled) binge. The fact that Augusten has said that h is binges go well beyond the clinical definition of a binge. There is a strong argument that the clinical level of a binge (4 drinks for women, 5 for men) is too small for truly problematic drinking (Wechsler, 1998). By the time Augusten was 21, he was drinking a liter of Dewar’s along with cocktails. Overall, it is impossible to deny that as Augusten got older and his drinking habits progressed, he developed a very strong tolerance for alcohol. When Augusten was checked into his rehab center, he had relatively few symptoms of clinical withdrawal. The only major one pointed out was a high blood pressure, which could have easily been due to the journey in which he knew he was about to embark on. But, it is a different story altogether when he is in the midst of a relapse. After a sleepless, sick feeling night, Augusten falls into withdrawal. It starts with hallucinations of spiders (criterion B.5 for the DSM diagnosis of withdrawal). After 24 hours of no alcohol he feels as if he is dying. His body is shaking and his hands have such bad tremors â€Å"they vibrate† (criterion B.2). His heart rate has increased dramatically (Criterion B.1) to the point that it â€Å"woke me up†¦beating so wildly in my chest†¦like someone pounding on the front door†. TheShow MoreRelatedDry : A Memoir By Augusten Burroughs1490 Words   |  6 Pagespercent of persons over 11 years of age binge-drinking at least five times each month (NSDUH,2010).† (Comer, 2014) With such high amount of people who consume alcohol, alcoholism can be considered one of the most common substance abuse worldwide. In Dry: A Memoir by Augusten Burroughs, he describes his previous experience on heavy alcohol abuse and how alcoholism forces him to change his daily life. 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Eating Disorders Free Essays

string(104) " Mental Health Diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa, so this means that rules will be discussed in this stage\." A Mental Health diagnosis that I would like to focus on for this paper is the eating disorder of Anorexia Nervosa. Eating Disorders became a recognized topic of subject due to health difficulties that later caused many people to die in America. According to Ekern (2017) Eating disorder is an illness that is characterized by irregular eating habits and serve distress or concern about body, weight or shape (Ekern,2017). We will write a custom essay sample on Eating Disorders or any similar topic only for you Order Now When dealing with an eating disorder, it can involve lacking or having very small food intake which can eventually harm a person’s health. The most well-known types of dietary issues incorporate Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and binging. The topic of discussion for this paper is Anorexia nervosa (also known as Anorexia). According to Attia and Walsh (2007), Anorexia nervosa has been recognized for centuries. Sir William Gull coined the term anorexia nervosa in 1873, but Richard Morton likely offered the first medical description of the condition in 1689. Despite its long-standing recognition, remarkably little is known about the etiology of, and effective treatment for, anorexia nervosa. Prevalence rates for anorexia nervosa are generally described as ranging from 0.5% to 1.0% among females, with males being affected about one-tenth as frequently (Attia and Walsh, 2007). According to the site National Eating Disorders (2018), Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by weight loss (or lack of appropriate weight gain in growing children); difficulties maintaining an appropriate body weight for height, age, and stature; and, in many individuals, distorted body image. People with anorexia generally restrict the number of calories and the types of food they eat. Some people with the disorder also exercise compulsively, purge via vomiting and laxatives, and/or binge eat (National Eating Disorders, 2018).I believe that when a person is heavily bothered by making sure he or she meets their specific ideal weight, he or she will do whatever it takes to have that ideal weight for whatever desires they may want to have it for. According to Attia and Walsh (2007), Anorexia nervosa commonly begins during middle to late adolescence, although onsets in both prepubertal children and older adults have been described. Anorexia nervosa has a mortality rate as high as that seen in any psychiatric illness and is associated with physiological alterations in virtually every organ system, although routine laboratory test results are often normal and physical examination may reveal only marked thinness (Attia ; Walsh, 2007). I’ve even seen people who would not even appear as though they are fat and will end up suffering from Anorexia nervosa. This is one of the reasons why a person should not judge someone even if he or she may be thin. If a person believes that they are truly fat, then that individual may have a higher risk of suffering from this Mental Health diagnosis. According to Attia and Walsh (2007), DSM-IV describes two subtypes of anorexia nervosa—the restricting subtype, consisting of those individuals whose eating behavior is characterized by restriction of type and quantity of food without binge eating or purging behaviors, and the binge-purge subtype, consisting of those who also exhibit binge eating and/or purging behaviors, such as vomiting or misuse of laxatives (Attia and Walsh, 2007). Having a loved one, patient, or client who is battling with this eating disorder must know that eventually that person will need to seek help in the future. There are many cases where there is a friend, family, or counselor whom is concerned about someone’s well-being. This is where they will have to have an intervention and/or treatment group for that person. There are many behavioral counseling and therapy sessions such as support groups, psychoeducation therapy, cognitive therapy, and education on nutrition for clients whom are battling with Anorexia nervosa. According to Attia and Walsh (2007), The course of anorexia nervosa is highly variable, with individual outcomes ranging from full recovery to a chronic and severe psychosocial disability accompanied by physical complications and death. Intervention early in the course of illness and full weight restoration appear to be associated with the best outcomes (Attia and Walsh, 2007). According to Attia and Walsh (2007), Adolescent patients have a better prognosis than do adults. One-year relapse rates after initial weight restoration approach 50%. Intermediate and long-term follow-up studies examining clinical samples find that while a significant fraction of patients achieve full psychological and physical recovery, at least 20% continue to meet full criteria for anorexia nervosa on follow-up assessment, with many others reporting significant residual eating disorder symptoms, even if they do not meet full criteria for anorexia nervosa (Attia and Walsh, 2007). Treatment for Anorexia NervosaIndividuals who suffer from Anorexia nervosa often need guidance, treatment and support from others to get through their mental illness. However, some individuals may feel as though there is no one there to help them during their time of need. A person suffering from this disorder may often hide what he or she may experience on a daily basis from fear of embarrassment or judgement from others. According to Knapp (2017) Eating disorders are multidimensional disorders that impact physical, mental, social, and spiritual aspects of a person’s life. As a result, people often require several types of interventions in order to recover (Knapp, 2017). This section will explore how a social worker will form a treatment group with someone who may suffer from Anorexia nervosa. According to Sequential Stage Theory, the social worker will use 5 different stages known as the Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing and Adjourning. These stages move group members from an immature state to a more mature state.This will be a Closed- Group due to the hypersensitive diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa meaning that this is a group not meant for just anyone to come into. In the first stage, the social worker will work on Forming the Treatment Group. The social worker will work on setting the structure of the group i.e. what to keep inside the group. The social worker will understand that she is working with someone who suffers from a Mental Health Diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa, so this means that rules will be discussed in this stage. You read "Eating Disorders" in category "Papers" Acceptance of the group members is being built in this stage. Each group member will introduce themselves and begin to build relationships.The second stage is known as the Storming stage. This stage is also known as the testing stage in which the group members are getting a feel of what to expect. Some members will be dominating and/or controlling where as other members may not be as talkative. As learned from documents in the class, the group members will have to bend and mold their feelings, ideas, attitudes, and beliefs to suit the group.The third stage is called the Norming stage. As learned from documents presented in this class, in order to move to the next stage, the group members will have to change their mentality from a testing mentality into a problem-solving mentality for treatment. The group members will begin to understand the norms of the group and will actually begin to work on ways to reach their goals. The group members must now understand in this stage that treatment will be needed to reach their goal of not suffering from Anorexia nervosa any longer. They must be willing to accept that they will no longer suffer from thoughts of worthlessness, anxiety or depression.The fourth stage is called the Performing stage. This is the stage that the group members will focus majorly on obtaining treatment that will aid them in reaching their overall goal. Evidence- Based Treatments for Eating Disorders, in general, include: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), Family Based Treatment (FBT), Psychopharmacology (Medicine). Even though Anorexia nervosa is known as a serious illness, Therapy is a treatment that can help an individual through Anorexia nervosa. According to Knapp (2017), a clinical social worker often will provide psychotherapy while acting as a bridge to connect you to additional resources for a medical evaluation and nutritional assessment/counseling, both of which are also critical arenas for intervention (Knapp, 2017). According to Attia and Walsh (2007), Effective treatments generally assess outcome by weight and behavioral change. Nonspecific support needs to be paired with expectation of progress in measurable medical, behavioral, and psychological symptoms. Weight restoration is generally associated with improvement in a variety of psychological areas, including mood and anxiety symptoms (Attia and Walsh, 2007). According to Attia and Walsh (2007), In contrast, psychological improvement without accompanying changes in weight and eating behavior is of limited value. Patients and families should be informed about the physiology of weight gain, including the substantial number of calories required daily (Attia and Walsh, 2007).According to Attia and Walsh (2007), A family-based outpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa, also called the â€Å"Maudsley method,† may be helpful for younger patients. This approach empowers the parents of a patient with anorexia nervosa to refeed their child, renegotiate the relationship between child and parents to involve issues other than food, and help their child resume normal adolescent development without an eating disorder. Several preliminary studies have shown promising results for family therapy with adolescent patients (Attia and Walsh, 2007). There are multiple options of Outpatient Services when it comes to an individual understanding what may work for them to obtain the best treatment plan as a way to get better. According to Knapp (2017), Psychotherapy can be in an individual, couples, family, and/or group format. Many individuals who are seen as an outpatient may require more than one kind of therapy (Knapp, 2017). Knapp used an example of a student who is in college who is away from home who may attend an individual/ group Psychotherapy session weekly and then also need to have a family Psychotherapy session intermittently. The social worker also may make a referral for the client to see their primary physician or a referred doctor may evaluate his or her health status and provide treatments, in which they can often provide medical evaluation and follow-up care. A social worker can also make a referral to a registered dietician who can provide nutrition assessment and counseling. This is extremely essential if the person needs help learning or remembering what normal eating is. Furthermore, if necessary, a social worker can make a referral for the client to have Psychiatric evaluation/follow-up. It is necessary for some individuals with eating disorders, especially for those who also struggle with depression and anxiety. Antidepressant medications, especially SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors), are often prescribed to treat depression and possibly to reduce cravings. If the social worker may find it fitting for their client to be a part of Psychoeducational activities which include specific skills training, such as relaxation or assertiveness training, then the social worker can make a referral for his or her client. They can also include recommended readings about eating disorders and recovery. A social worker may also feel that it is beneficial for their client to attend Self-Help Groups. Self- Help Groups, for example, 12 Stage programs can offer help and a theory of recuperation. A social worker may find it beneficial to refer their client to Intensive outpatient programs (likewise some of the time called incomplete hospitalization) are typically entire day or night programs that incorporate eating suppers with different residents alongside psychotherapy. If the client is at a stage to where he/she may get medically worse from their sickness, then the social worker should make a referral for the client to go to a Hospital facility which can incorporate inpatient or potentially/private care specialized in eating disorders. Furthermore, Hospitalization is vital for the client if he/she is: At the point when a dietary issue has gotten to a state of causing a restoratively perilous condition, when it is related with genuine mental issues, for example, suicidal ideation, when it has prompted genuine self-damage, or when the power of the confusion does not react to outpatient treatment alone. It is important to be persistent in seeking treatment for an eating disorder, such as Anorexia nervosa. Factors such as general stress level, other emotional issues, the intensity of the treatment chosen, and readiness for recovery can make a difference in whether a particular course of treatment is successful. There is also a National Helpline sponsored through the National Eating Disorders Association for clients to talk with someone if need be and the hotline number is 1(800)931-2237. On the website for National Eating Disorders Association, there is also a list of other support resources for the client and/ or his or her family.The final stage is known as the Adjourning stage. This stage is also known as the termination stage. This stage is looked at as being the stage that the group members feel a sense of accomplishment and treatment has given. During the final stage, group members will learn to say good bye to one another as a form of ending their relationship. This may also induce feelings of stress and/or anxiety. During this stage, the social worker will also discuss with the group member his or her progression. The social worker should encourage the group member to continue with the progress he or she has made. If needed, the social worker should refer the group member to additional services that may be beneficial to other issues that he or she may face following termination. It is vital for the social worker to follow-up with the group member once services are terminated. Follow-up can help the group member from relapsing or even coming back for services. However, the social worker should give the group member the phone number to the agency in case services may be needed again.Conclusively, there are more people than we will ever know who may suffer from the Eating Disorder of Anoerxia Nervosa. As a social worker working with this population, it is important to understand exactly the signs of someone who suffers from it and ways to treat this particular population in focus. A social worker who conducts a Treatment Group should us the Sequential Stage Theory which is using the five different stages of Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing and Adjourning in order to treat the client. How to cite Eating Disorders, Papers Eating Disorders Free Essays English 201A 17 September 2012 Annotated Bibliography on Eating Disorders Champion, Helen and Adrian Furnham. â€Å"The Effect of the Media on Body Satisfaction Adolescent Girls. † European Eating Disorders Review 7. We will write a custom essay sample on Eating Disorders or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3(Jun 1999):213-28. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Sept 2012. In this particular piece of article its purpose suggests that the influence of media, in constantly identifying thin, stereotypically attractive bodies, provokes a sensation of body dissatisfaction and consequently is somewhat responsible for the increase in eating disorders among young women. A recent study by Ogden and Mundray (1996) suggests that in presenting images of thin attractive individuals’ increases the body dissatisfaction. While in presenting images of larger overweight individuals somehow gives an alleviating effect. The study attempted to investigate this effect in adolescent girls. The results were not as expected and failed to support the experimental assumption. However possible reasons for this are addressed. It is suggested that the media’s influence on individuals’ self-evaluations may be more difficult than Ogden and Mundray’s results imply in their observations. Fursland, Athea, Sharon Byrne, Hunna Watson, Michelle La Puma, Karina Allen, and Susan Byrne. â€Å"Enhanced Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Single Treatment for All Eating Disorders. † Journal of Counseling ; Development 90. 3(Jul2012):319-29. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Sept 2012. In this particular piece it addresses eating disorders as a serious mental illness that is affecting a wide number of women and a small portion of men. This piece suggests all counseling expertise should have knowledge of eating disorder and treatment possibilities. This also goes on explaining how the stage of the treatment therapy unfolds and develops into a helpful stage for the victim with an eating disorder. Guavin,lise and Howard Steiger. â€Å"Overcoming the Unhealthy Pursuit of Thinness: Reaction to the Quebec Charter for a Healthy and Diverse Image. † American Journal of Public Health 102. 8(Aug 2012):1600-06. Academic Search Primeir. Web. 10 Sept 2012. In this piece of article it is suggested that in order to measure the ontribution of an initiative to overcome the unhealthy pursuit of thinness, an exam of the population reach, acceptability, and perceived potential of an initiative that developed a promotional tool for a healthy body image, the Quebec Charter for a Healthy and Diverse Body Image aimed to reduce the pressures from extreme thinness. The Charter was developed through consensus building by a government led task outlined actions to be undertaken by organizations or citizens to reduce media pressures favoring thinnes s. Studies and findings also showed that men and women with higher education were more highly reached than those who with less education standards. Also resulting in the studies that not all targets were being executed and those with a possibility of having higher risks were not responding in the pursuit of overcoming unhealthy thinness. Martinez-Gonzalez, Miguel Angel, and Pilar Gual. â€Å"Parental Factors, Mass Media Influences, and the Onset of Eating Disorders in a Prospective Population- Based Cohert. † Pediatrics 111. 2(Feb 2003): 315-16. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Sept 2012. In this particular article their understanding was set to identify risk factors for eating disorders. A community company study was conducted in Navarra, Spain. The study of 2862 girls who were 12 to 21 years of age completed the Eating Attitudes Test and other questionnaires. Girls who scored high in the Eating Attitudes Test were interviewed by a psychiatrist who applied Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Girls who were free of any eating disorder were reassessed after 18 months of follow-up using the same methods. The results were that ninety new cases of eating disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders were identified during the follow-up. Our results support the role of mass media influences and parental marital status in the onset of eating disorders. The habit of eating alone should be considered as a warning sign of eating disorders. Radford, Benjamin. â€Å"Media and the Mental Health Myths: Deconstructing Barbie and Bridget Jone. † Scientific Review of Mental Health Practices 5. 1(2007):81-7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Sept 2012. Thompson, Kevin J. nd Eric Stice. â€Å"Thin – Ideal Internalization: Mounting Evidence for a New Risk Factor of Body Image Disturbance and Eating Pathology. † Current Directions in Psychological Science 10. 5(Oct 2001):181-83. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Sept 2012. In this particular article according to studies and experimental trails conducted in labs over the past decade suggests that thin-i deal internalization is an important risk factor for creating body image and eating disorders. Also noting of prospective risk factors and variables that may alter and add to the studies done before. Physical and mental problems are important risk factors that initiate from the discomfort of the body image and eating disorders. Findings from studies suggest that internalization is a causal risk factor for body-image and eating disorders, and that it appears to fulfill in conjunction with other established risk factors for these outcomes, including dieting and negative affect. Future research is needed to examine the specific factors like perhaps family, peer, and media influences that promote internalization and also to replicate and extend prospective and experimental studies. (836) How to cite Eating Disorders, Essay examples

Population Growth Essay Example For Students

Population Growth Essay Regional Variations and Patterns of Population GrowthThe demographic transition model provides one with insight into the transformation or transition which occurs in several steps as the industrialization of a country progresses. By using the demographic transition as a model one can describe regional variations and patterns of population growth on a global level. The demographic transition model includes four stages: the pre industrialized society, the agricultural revolution, the industrial revolution, and the post industrial societies/developed. The first stage of the demographic transition model is the pre industrial stage. In this stage birth and death rates are both usually high, which normally leads to almost no population growth within a country. The second stage of the demographic transition model is the Agricultural revolution stage, where one finds a reduction in death rates (DR), but birth rates (BR) remain high. In this stage there is also a population explosion, which i s found mainly in underdeveloped and developing countries. Moving on to the third stage known as the industrial revolution stage one sees a drastic change in population. Some of the change is due to advances in medicine and improvements in diet. These changes caused a drop in death rates and birth rates drop. Human life expectancy in the industrialized countries soared from an average of 35 years in the eighteenth century to 75 years or more at present. In this stage we find that the birth rates are about the same and death rates are lower. The last stage known as the post industrial period produces zero population growth. The zero population growth is achieved when there is both a halt or decline in both birth rates and death rates. Many countries however do not pass all the way through the demographic transition, but rather have a prolonged period during stage two, where the population explosion is in full effect, this causes for some problems in the countries and populations on a global scale.In discussing regional variations and patterns of population growth many components are involved. Fertility rates and death rates are good indicators to the global population and patterns of growth and variation. Total fertility rates (TFR) is the best prediction of a population over time. When we look at these numbers one, may start to wonder what factors have influenced these patterns and variations being observed. There are many factors that impact a population. To start one can look at the five themes discussed throughout our book, which include, culture region, cultural diffusion, cultural ecology, cultural integration, and cultural landscape. Each one of these themes discussed in chapter one can provide answers as to what factors influence population growth and variation. Ones culture region can play an important part in determining both birth and death rates. Cultural diffusion also provides insight into variations and changes in a population on a global level. Cultural ecology provides one with answers to population growth and variation based on a populations physical environment. Cultural integration can explain why certain patterns are observed in population growth and variation across the globe. Lastly, ones cultural landscape plays an important role in determining variations of a population. In the article titled, Before the Next Doubling, one can see that the doubling of the population is often due to many factors, which were discussed earlier. The article makes point of some of the causes of population growth, which include an unmet demand for family planning, a desire for large families, and population momentum. The article discusses the reasons to each of these causes. There is an unmet demand for family planning in a large percentage of the world. There is also a desire for large families if many areas such as Africa where many children die from diseases. The population momentum is one of the greatest causes of population growth. Population momentum occurs simply because the next reproductive group is starting to have children.When referring to, The State of the World Atlas, by Dan Smith one can observe population patterns. Page 14 shows the population doubling dates, where one can figure out based on the facts given, which stage of the demographic transition each country is in at various times. This also gives insight into how cultural integration plays an important role in population growth and variation. Page 16 in the atlas shows life expectancy across the world. It also states that increases in life expectancy are mainly due to improvements in three basic social conditions: better nutrition, a clean water supply, and access to health services.Consequently, life expectancy is considerably higher in the richer countries than in the poorer parts of the world(16). An example of this can be seen in the article, Gray Dawn: The Global Aging Crisis. The article discusses the aging crisis, which is due to the a dvancements in technology, which are allowing people to live longer. As discussed in the article the growth of elderly is going to cost lots of money that many people are not planning on.Nutrition is a good indicator into population variations across the world. Countries that naturally have more food available as opposed to poorer countries, who often suffer from malnutrition, find larger populations of healthier people living longer. On the other hand countries who lose babies and children often due to lack of resources often have higher birth rates because the adults in the countries want to have lots of children in case they lose one or more (18-21). Age provides one with an understanding of population growth. Countries where average life expectancies increase and family sizes decline, the proportion of older people in a population increases(24). Richer countries who have better living conditions often have less population growth, but more people living longer.There are many prob lems and issues that are associated with the patterns and variations of populations on a global level. One major issue which affects fertility rates and birth rates is the issue of reproductive rights in each country. As observed in the atlas on page 79 countries who have high birth rates also have no access or the country they live in says it is illegal to have abortions. This may be an issue that is causing a variation in the population. The wealth of a country also has an influence on the growth of the population. One major issue involving birth rates and death rates is health risks in a country. As reported on page 80-81 of the atlas HIV/AIDS is a major risk among many populations. AIDS has reduced life expectancy by more than one third in Botswana, Malawi, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. This is probably why many of these places have both high birth and death rates. Another factor that causes a variation in population growth around the world is food. Problems concerning the am ount of food available in a country can very well cause increases or decreases in the population of that country. 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